Essential English Vocabulary & Reported Speech Transformation

Unit 5 Vocabulary

• break up - romper
• close friend - amigos cercanos
• damage - daño
• date - salir con
• divorced - divorciado
• engaged - comprometido
• envy - envidia
• fall in love - enamorarse
• fiancé/ée - prometido/a
• flow - fluir
• get along - llevarse bien con
• get over - superar
• get to know - conocer
• grow apart - distanciarse
• have got a lot in common - mucho en común
• ignore - ignorar
• length - longitud
• live through - vivir
• move on - pasar página
• possession - posesión
• relative - pariente
• shine - brillar
• single - solo
• stand still - quedarse quieto
• take someone for granted - no saber apreciar a alguien
• tear - lágrima
• treat - tratar
• value - valor
• worn - usado/desgastado
• childhood - infancia
• clique - pandilla
• couple - pareja
• criticise - criticar
• crowd - multitud
• flirt - flirtear
• left out - excluido
• mention - mención
• snob - esnob

Unit 6 Vocabulary

• afford - permitirse
• be short of - estar corto de
• borrow - pedir prestado
• budget - presupuesto
• cash - efectivo
• charge - cargo
• discount - descuento
• expenses - gastos
• fee - paga
• go broke - ir a la quiebra
• lend - prestar
• make the best of something - aprovechar al máximo algo
• note - nota
• odd jobs - trabajos ocasionales
• owe - deber
• pay (someone) back - devolver dinero
• pocket money - dinero de bolsillo
• profit - beneficio
• purchase - compra
• queue - cola
• rent - alquilar
• request - pedir
• salary - sueldo
• saving account - cuenta de ahorro
• show (someone) around - mostrar a alguien alrededor
• split the cost - dividir el costo
• stuff - cosas
• suit - traje
• brand - marca
• chain - cadena
• clothing - ropa
• container - contenedor
• founded - fundado
• retailed - vendido al por menor
• voucher - cheque (de regalo)
• warehouse - almacén
• waste - desperdiciar

Reported Speech

Verb Form Changes

can => could; may => might; must => had to; will => would; shall => should

Time Reference Changes

now => then; today => that day; this week => that week; tomorrow => the following/next day; next week => the next week; yesterday => the day before; ago => previously; two days ago => two days previously; this => that; here => there.

Direct to Indirect Speech Examples

Direct: I work in Paris => Indirect: He said he worked in Paris; (Present simple: He said, “I like her”=> Past Simple: He said he liked her.)

Direct: I am working => Indirect: He said he was working; (Present Continuous: He said, “I am writing a book.”=> Past Continuous: He said he was writing a book. )

Direct: I worked => Indirect: He said he had worked; (Past Simple: She said, “I went to Paris.”=> Past Perfect: She said she had gone to Paris)

Direct: I was working => Indirect: He said he had been working;

Direct: I have worked => Indirect: He said he had worked;

Direct: I have been working => Indirect: He said he had been working;

Direct: I had worked => Indirect: He said he had worked;

Direct: I had been working => Indirect: He said he had been working (Past Continuous: She said, “I was waiting for him.”=> Past Perfect Continuous: She said she had been waiting for him. )

Types of Reported Speech

Statements

Direct: He said: "She might be right." => Indirect: He said that she might be right.

Direct: He told her: "You needn't see a doctor." => Indirect: He told her that she needn't see a doctor.

Questions

• Transform the question into an indirect question; use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if/whether

  Direct: 1) "Why don’t you speak English?” => Indirect: He asked me why I didn’t speak English.

  Direct: 2) “Do you speak English?”=> Indirect: He asked me whether/if I spoke English.

Requests / Commands

• Place and time expressions; For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to); For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).

Direct: She said, “Sit down." => Indirect: She asked me to sit down.

Direct: She said, "don't be lazy" => Indirect: She asked me not to be lazy

Other Types

• Use of must, should, and ought: Direct: "You must read this book." => Indirect: He advised/urged me to read that book.

  Use of suggested: Direct: "Let’s go to the cinema." => Indirect: He suggested going to the cinema./ He suggested that we should go to the cinema.