Mastering English Modals, Conditionals, Passive Voice, Reported Speech & Vocabulary

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Escrito el 24 de Enero de 2025 en español con un tamaño de 8,03 KB

Can: ability or capacity, requests, asking for permission, possibility, suggestion. (saber poder) - I can swim, I can lend you my car.
Be able: ability, possibility (ser capaz de) – They will be able to see (podrían ver).
Can't: inability, prohibition, deduction (no poder, no saber) – I can't swim.
Could: ability or capacity, more polite than can, possibility and suggestion (supo/e, podría): She could run before (podía correr antes).
May/might: possibility (puede podría) – The tourist might be disappointed (puede que estén disgustados).
May: polite question (puede) - May I borrow...? (puedo tomar prestado...)
Should: advice and recommendation (deberías) - She should be (ella debería estar).
Need to: obligation and necessity (necesitar): I need to know (necesito saber).
Have to: obligation and necessity (tener que) - I have to...
Must: obligation, necessity, an imposed law (deber que) - They must evacuate (deberían evacuar).
Mustn't: prohibition (no debes).
Don't have to: necessity and no obligation (no tienes que).
Needn't to: necessity or no obligation (no es necesario que).
Would: to ask or offer in a polite way, conditional - Would you like some more? (¿quieres algo más?)

In the past, negated in the modal, always have, not has.

Must have: certainty that a fact is true (I must have been very exciting for her to make that trip - debe haber sido).
May/might have: supposition of a past fact (She may have forgotten the meeting - puede que).
Could have: something could have been done in the past but wasn't (It was a stupid action, you could have hurt yourself – podrías haberte hecho daño).
Couldn't have: certainty that something did not happen (They couldn't have predicted the rain - no podrían haber predicho).
Would have: desire to have done something in the past but it didn't happen (I would have gone with you, but I was too scared - habría ido).
Should/ought to have: criticism of a past fact (You should/ought to have warned me earlier - deberías haberme).
Shouldn't have: criticism of a past fact (I shouldn't have taken so much luggage - no tenía que haber).
Needn't have: something unnecessary in the past (You needn't have bought the tickets - no tenías por qué).

1st Conditional: if + present simple, present simple. Example: If I do sport, I feel energetic.
2nd Conditional: if + past simple, [would + infinitive without to OR modal in past [could, should, might]]. Example: If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
3rd Conditional: if + past perfect (had + ed/3rd column), conditional present perfect (would + have + ed/3rd column).

Present simple: past simple: I like coffee - he said that he liked coffee.
Present continuous: past continuous: I am doing my homework - she announced she was doing...
Simple past: past perfect: I gave her a present - he confirmed he had given her a present.
Present perfect: past perfect: I have never been there - he said he had never been there.
Past continuous: past perfect continuous: I was walking when... - he reported he had been walking when...
Future: conditional: I will help you - she said she would help me.
Imperative: infinitive without to: open the door - he told me to open the door / don’t cheat: the teacher advised not to cheat.

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